Emily+M.+-+POSITION+PAPER

 Essential Question: Where Does Sex Belong In Society? Thesis Statement: Sex should be removed from the public and moved to the private sphere.

“Adolescents who get a heavy diet of music, television, magazines and movies are more likely to have sex at the ages of 14 to 16 years than those who have minimal exposure” (Kercheval). Communicative technology has efficiently sent out messages across the nation even if the content of the messages is filled with sex. Sex is increasingly out in the open whether you’re turning the channel, browsing the Internet, or walking down the street. New ways to access sex are made when new forms of media are developed. According to Steve Garlick, assistant professor at The University of Victoria's Department of Sociology, “sexual representations have been closely linked with developments in technology-most notably, the printing press, photography, film, and video-and the advance of digital technologies and the Internet." Sex is being spread not only through media, but by conversation and the way teenagers are dressing making it seem as if, “everywhere one turns today, sex is increasingly out in the open and has become a key dimension in social relations and commercial alike”(Garlick). With the amount of sex present in society, and the advances in technology being made, sex will remain in the public sphere.

Today, our criterion for what is controversial when it comes to sex has changed dramatically. Everywhere sex is oozing, from commercials on TV to the length of girls shorts. Advertisements were restricted to television only; however, with modern-day advancements, advertising is everywhere: radio commercials, billboards, magazines, and websites. According to Kalle Lasn, author of //Culture Jam// and co-founder of //Adbusters// magazine, “12 billion display ads, 3 billion radio commercials, and more than 200,000 TV commercials are dumped into the human mind.” TV commercials, like the ones for //Go Daddy.com//, are infamous for using sexual innuendo to sell or encourage consumers to use their products. Sex has also gone as far as to persuade people’s political beliefs with web sites like, “‘Sensual Liberation Army,’’ which juxtaposes pornography and political activism, thereby giving expression to the idea that sexual emancipation can be linked to progressive social change”(Garlick). Besides technology spreading sex, clothes that are worn by women today also ooze sex. It seems that everything is getting shorter whether it’s shorts or necklines of shirts. An analysis of sexualizing characteristics in girls’ clothing, generally sizes 6-14, by Samantha Goodwin, of Kenyon College, states that,” 69% of the clothing items, generally sizes 6-14, were coded as having only childlike characteristics, 4% as having only sexualizing characteristics, 25.4% as having both sexualizing and childlike characteristics, and 1% as having neither sexualizing nor childlike characteristics.” It seems as if stores are trying to hide sexual characteristics with childlike characteristics in their clothing. As generations pass, sex seems to become more present in society in different extremes. No action has also been taken to cut down on society’s exposure to sex, much less control it. We are incapable of answering one question; where does sex belong?

Sex is a part of human nature that has been around since the beginning of time. According to the Cult of Domesticity, a social system used to limit the sphere of influence to home and family, traditionally sex has remained in the home sphere along with women in the early nineteenth century (America in Class). However, the aftermath of WWII sparked the oppression against the Cult of Domesticity, and with its downfall, the sexual revolution. “ The mobilization of young men for the Armed Services and the recruitment of female factory workers during World War II initiated a profound shift in the social relations of gender and sexuality in the United States”(Escoffier). Jobs in factories gave women a sense of independence and their belief that they were capable of doing jobs outside of their homes. The sense of working independence would later on influence women’s sense of sexual independence. Another reason WWII led to the sexual revolution was the Baby Boom. Returning soldiers rejoiced with the women they left to fight the war resulting in an abundance of births. In an article titled the 1960s by the //Gale CENGAGE Learning// it claims, “seventy million Americans were children or young adults,” rebelling against the conservatism of the 1950s and, because of their numbers, they were able to succeed.

With newfound sense of independence, the knowledge of their power, and women successfully brought out of the home sphere, citizens came together to surface one more topic to the public; sex. The generation coined the term “free love” and with it started arguing the acceptance of sex outside of the traditional heterosexual, monogamous relationship. The sexual revolution began, and with the help of advancements in technology, the idea of “free love” spread faster than chicken pox. Many mark the end of the sexual revolution in the 1980s but, with today’s advancements in modern technology, it’s arguable that the 1960s may have been a peak to the Sexual Revolution, but definitely not the end.

Maybe one of the most important mediums for spreading the idea of the Sexual Revolution is the media. From books, magazines, music, movies, commercials, and even personal ads in the newspaper sex was everywhere. “Public interest in sex had been growing since the late 1940s and the number of novels, magazine articles, and advice books dealing with sexuality grew to epic proportions” (Escoffier). Previously banned books from the 1950s with sexual content were once more published in the 1960s. Eventually, availability of sexually explicit books and films became prevalent in society. These sexually explicit works were so abundant that, “In 1967 the U.S. Congress set up a Commission on Pornography and Obscenity to define pornography and obscenity, provide guidelines for its regulation and to assess its significance in American society” (Escoffier). Researchers found that exposure to explicit sexual materials did not lead to criminal behavior in young adults.

Sexual exposure took another dramatic turn when people published personal ads in the newspaper looking for sexual partners and relationships. Singles bars opened and many social groups participated in an act called swinging or mate swapping where couples would swap mates with one another (Gale Cengage).

Television was becoming increasingly popular in the 1960s. Bob Batchelor, a professor of Journalism and Mass Communications at Kent State, emphasizes that in the 60s “8 million households had a television compared to the 4 million in the 50s and color programming replaced black-and-white programming.” Television added a whole new dimension to advertising. Two new methods of advertising were now capable through television. In an article called //Advertisements// by Amy Hackney Blackwell, a young adult author, Blackwell states the first method being, “demographic research which allowed advertisers to make their message more effective by matching it to a targeted audience.” The second method was product placement, “in which a product appeared with its name completely visible in a television show.”(Blackwell). Young adults’ needs to rebel against conservatism and old social norms were acknowledged by Advertisers and manufacturers. To appeal to the consumers, rock music and psychedelic graphics were added to many commercials and slogans, like 7-Up’s “Wet and Wild” directed towards teenagers and young adults.

The Sexual Revolution came to a close in the 1980s. Much of the reason why was due to religious fundamentalists and conservative groups protesting the new culture. Another part of the downfall was, “STD had reached epidemic proportions by the 1980s.” (Escoffier). Either way the Sexual Revolution had reached it’s peak time, 1964-1977, and was beginning to die down. The legacy that it left behind was not forgotten. The Sexual Revolution was a complete culture change. What was seen as controversial before in the means of advertising and entertainment was acceptable after the Sexual Revolution. Today, the Sexual Revolution may be over but our culture is still lingering in the aftermath. Our highly advanced society is both beneficial and detrimental. New technology has certainly made day-to-day activities and accessing information easier, but our advances have made it easier to access sex also. Jean Kilbourne, an author, speaker, and filmmaker who is recognized for the work she does on the image of women, states, “Images that used to belong to the world of pornography are now commonplace in family magazines and newspapers, in TV commercials, on billboards and online.”

Since the 1960s, sex has worked its way from private to public life. Sex has become so prominent in society that, according to Richard D McAunulty, Professor of Psychology at the University of North Carolina Charlotte, “sexual themes serve as a significant part of popular culture and media.” The sexual revolution changed society because it made us more accepting to material that was before considered controversial. More technological advances are going to be made and who knows what material we’ll be able to access then. For the sake of society, sex would be best if it were restored back to its former privacy.

Moving sex back into the private sphere will be beneficial for every member of our society. Sexualization of entertainment impacts our youth and young girls in particular. To remove sex from communicative media regulations must be implemented on commercials, radio ads, and billboards. Advertising has targeted citizen’s weaknesses and promising a better you for too long. In order to fight the image that the sexual revolution has given women young girls will be taught to respect their bodies and value themselves. In Charles S. Clark’s //CQ Researcher// crewmember article Sex, Violence and the Media it states “Feminists worry that the overabundance of people who are perfect physical specimens in TV, movies and advertisements can damage the self-esteem of young girls.” Returning back to basics and teaching what Conner Habib, a teacher and porn actor, states in //Investigating Porn//, “sex is meant, at best, to be natural but unmentioned,” to children through school programs will help our future generation. In terms of advertising, sex should be taken out completely in the sake of keeping children who watch TV or read ads pure. Many advertisers think that by using sex it will benefit their market, however, in the //Encyclopedia of American Social Issues// in the chapter “Sex and Advertising” by Mary Beth Pinto, Professor of Marketing at Penn State and John D Crane, e xecutive Director at Legal Entrepreneurs Alliance, they argue that, “sexual imagery can create problems and be counterproductive to marketers.” Studies have shown that sexual appeal catches the eye but it doesn’t encourage purchases because sex distracts viewers from the main message of an advertisement (Pinto and Crane). Without sex in society, women will no longer be seen as objects and children will not be exposed to adult material while watching advertisements on TV. By teaching that sex is natural and OK but specifying where it belongs in the world society will benefit greatly.

Not everyone agrees with these proposed ideas. Parents believe that schools should not teach sexual education. Parenting is a very important and highly personal matter. Parents want to be able to teach and have their kids follow their values and morals when it comes to sex. Some are uncomfortable with the idea of another person educating their kids with their own personal values. In the //New York Times// article Does Sex Ed Undermine Parental Rights? Authors Robert P. George and Melissa Moschella argue that, “the right to parent is like the right to exercise one’s religion.” Parents want to be able to exercise their beliefs and not be ruled over by the public school’s beliefs like citizen’s want to practice their religion and not want the government to tell them whether they agree. The strong bond between parents and children contributes to the obligation for them to guide their children’s intellect and maturity. This is why when schools force their contradicting ideas about sex upon their student’s, parents feel that their parenting right has been taken away. Everyone can agree that parents have a say in their child’s sexual education. Children look up to their parents as role models and strive for their opinion. However, kids should have the final say in their beliefs towards sex. Kids should not only learn one perspective on sex but as many as they can. If we take out Sex Ed in schools then kids lose a whole perspective. While parents opinion in what their children are being taught should never be ignored, other role models opinions, such as teachers, should not be ignored either. In some cases, children may not have a parent figure to give them the opinion they need, therefore, classroom education is important. In //Sex Education in Schools: Outlook//, Jeffery S. Turner, a Professor of Behavioral Sciences at Mitchell College, says, “ many parents believe that sex education is important, but many admit to being uncomfortable around the topic, or simply uninformed.” For some kids, the sexual education that is given at school is their only source of information. In the end, kids are the overall decision maker in what they believe concerning sex and any role model is not allowed to fully stop them from making that decision. What we can do, however, is give kids the sexual education they need to help influence them towards making safe decisions.

Kids will always have the final say in their life. It’s a parent’s job to guide their children and give them the proper knowledge to make the right decision. Completely diminishing the sexual education program in public schools would be counterproductive to children whose parent’s are too uncomfortable to talk about sexual education. Instead of cutting out the program completely, parents can allow teachers to educate the students at school, and after school parents can discuss their beliefs with their children. This allows children to exercise their right to parent and teachers to do their job. Giving a child as much information as possible on sex will give them the knowledge to make their own responsible decisions in the future.

Today’s technological advancements have opened an entirely new unsupervised world for our youth. Naturally, parent’s instinct to protect their children kicked in and parental control software was made. Every piece of technology including cell phones, computers, iPods, and televisions have numerous parental control options. This allows parents to protect their kids from harmful material when they’re not around. On the Parental Control Software top 5 website their mission is, “to protect your family online by restricting access to inappropriate websites and programs, monitoring e-mails, chat IM- conversations to protect your family from sexual predators, controlling when and how long users are able to access the Internet and to find out what your families habits are online.” Not only are there so many options but there are so many was that these devices protect children. One might argue that there are already devices monitoring and protecting children that more restrictions would lessen our entertainment options concerning media.

Organizations and corporations have done an outstanding job meeting parents’ want of keeping an eye on their child and the websites they access. There are unlimited options for media restrictions that can be installed by parents. However, the question is who is protecting the children suffering from neglect? In a study by the Children’s Bureau, the US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration of Children and Families, and the Administration of Children, Youth and Families they found the most common type of maltreatment was neglect finding that more that 75% (78.3) suffer from neglect (Children’s Bureau). It’s a sad fact that for some kids there aren’t any parental figures to block television programs that expose them to violence, sex, and extreme adult content. For them, restrictions on what can be advertised are necessary.

It’s a parent’s job to protect and raise their children. Unfortunately, some kids don’t have the privilege of that attention; it’s the job of the US government to care for them. By enforcing and setting restrictions on what can be advertised in the terms of sexual innuendo we are protecting every child from being exposed to adult content. Not only are we pleasing the parents who strive to keep their children safe while navigating media, but we’re keeping the kids whose parent’s don’t care enough to grab the remote and press the off button for them. Childhood is a blessing, and it’s parents’ job to fight for their children’s childhood, but when parents are incapable of doing so the job is given to the US government.

One might argue that restricting advertising and sexual conduct is going against the First Amendment. The First Amendment gives citizens the right of freedom of speech, press, and to peaceably assemble. Anyone is allowed to say what they want, and in today’s world what they post, blog, or comment. This is related to advertising because restricting what can be said in an advertisement is restricting the advertiser’s freedom of speech and press. //In First Amendment and Online Censorship// by Aaron Schwabach, Professor of Law at the University of California, Schwabach makes the point, “t he First Amendment applies not only to the spoken and written word, but to expressive conduct.” This could also be going against the First Amendment because it’s limiting advertiser’s right to express their company through their product as they wish. Whether aim is just to restrict sex in public it’s still limiting a person’s freedom of speech or expression.

Limitations and restrictions on advertising will not go against the First Amendment. How much sexual innuendo and images shown in an ad will be restricted instead of advertiser’s freedom of speech and press. The advertiser will have the freedom to say what they think will capture their audience’s attention but they will not have total control of what images they use to do so. Also, advertisers might want to think twice about expressing their product with sexual innuendo and imaging because it might make consumers question their motives and product dependency. These regulations will overall stop the scope of influence sex has over advertising to children and allow kids to grow up in a sex-free environment. In Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood by //ABC-Clio//, an electronic database, the CCFC believes “that children have the right to grow up in a healthy environment, and that parents should be able to raise their children without the negative influence of corporate marketing.” By cutting down sexual images and innuendo in advertising we can assure that kids are only being influenced by acceptable material. If this happens, kids will have stronger role models to look up to. The Amendment’s are a “living document.” Meaning that, today and in the future they are open to be revised and republished with changes. Sometimes citizen’s rights are challenged and we must look back to see where we stand as a person. To avoid restricting an advertiser’s Freedom of Press, only the images they use will be restricted. Citizens will also still be able to express themselves by partaking in activities, however, in private so they are positive role models. Today with our ever-changing society there will be more Freedoms that are restricted. Luckily, we have a firm base to look back into and know who we are and where we stand as citizens.

Western popular culture had turned us into a strip-tease society. Sex has infested our media through innuendo and images. The prevalence of sex can be a result of our advanced society. Today there’s an abundance of new forms of communicative technology. It’s scary because people are walking around able to access whatever they want without supervision. Also, even without citizens doing so sex is shoved in our faces through advertisements. Advertisers have learned how to manipulate consumers by targeting their insecurities and making unrealistic promises of self-improvement. The government should set restrictions on advertisers limiting what sexual images they can use and how much sexual innuendo can be used. Many might think restricting advertiser’s right to say what they want in an advertisement goes against the First Amendment of Freedom of the press. However, advertisers will be able to say what they like but in a friendlier way for children. The government and us as citizens must work together to stop the spread of sex in public. The government will do their part by setting restrictions on advertising, and the citizens, in return, will monitor their children and protest to keep neglected children safe. Childhood is a time of laughter, love, purity, and innocence we must fight to give a child their right to be a kid. In a quote by Marshall McLuhan, a Canadian scholar, philosopher, and educator, says, "All media exist to invest our lives with artificial perceptions and arbitrary values." Lets make ourselves a promise that we won’t stop fighting for purity in media and that we will fight for those who cannot for themselves.
 * ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY **
 * MLA CITATIONS **
 * ANNOTATED CITATIONS**

Batchelor, Bob. "Advertising in the 1960s." // Pop Culture Universe: Icons, Idols, Ideas //. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 9 Apr. 2012.

This web article is a secondary source by Bob Batchelor, a Professor in the school of Journalism and Mass Communications at Kent State University. In this article, Batchelor addresses the advertising of the 1960s and how it addressed its audience's personal interests. I used this article in my project because it talked about how 1960s advertisements targeted the youth who were a part of the Sexual revolution.

Blackwell, Amy Hackney. "Advertising." Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 16 May 2012.

This web article is a secondary source by Amy Hackney Blackwell a young adult author. This work addresses the changes in advertising throughout the years. I used this in my project to get a better idea of how advertising has changed and when and why there's problems among citizens with advertising today.

//BrainyQuote.// BookRags Media Network, 2001. Web. 3 May 2012.

This Organization is a secondary source by BookRags Media Network. This page includes quotes about media. I used this in my project for the last quote in my Memo 8.

"Campaign For a Commercial-Free Childhood." // Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society //. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.

This web article is a secondary source by ABC-Clio an online research database. This article informs about the organization Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood (CCFC) and their mission of eliminating sex and violence in advertising to keep children safe. I used this in my project because it is good support for my position in Memo 7.

//Child Maltreatment 2010//. N.p.: John A. Gaudiosi, 2010. //Children’s Bureau//. Web. 25 Apr. 2012.

This pamphlet is a primary source by the Children's Bureau, the US Department of Health and Human Services, the Administration of Children and Families, and the Administration of Children, Youth and Families. This article talks about the maltreatment of Children in the US in years previous to 2010. This is in my project because it is good support for my argument in Memo 6.

Clark, C. S. (1995, November 17). Sex, violence and the media. //CQ Researcher//, //5//, 1017-1040.

This web article is a secondary source by Charles S. Clark, a CQ Researcher crew member. This article talks about how TV shows themes of extreme violence and sexual content and how society reacts to it. I'm using this article for my project because it addresses how sex is increasingly in TV shows.

“Cult of Domesticity.” America in Class. National Humanities Center, n.d. Web. 15 May 2012.

This website is a primary source by America in Class. This website informs on the Cult of Domesticity in America throughout the Nineteenth century. I used this to help explain what the Cult of Domesticity was and how it affected the Sexual revolution.

Escoffier, Jeffrey. "Sexual Revolution." // St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture //. Ed. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 4. Detroit: St. James Press, 2000. 373-375. // Gale Student Resources In Context //. Web. 12 Apr. 2012

This encyclopedia article is a secondary source by Jeffrey Escoffier Director of Health Media and Marketing at  [|NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene] . In this article Escoffier talks about the history of the sexual revolution and describes what started it, what ended it, and why it might still be happening today. I chose this article because it gave me a timeline of the sexual revolution.

Fischer, Ronald. “Sexual Revolution Changed the US for the Worse.” Editorial. //Grand Forks Herald//. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2012.

This web article is a secondary source by Ronald Fischer, a writer for Grand Folks Herald. This article expresses how birth control and pornography has degraded women and argues the ideas of Nancy Cohen. I used this in my project because it gives examples of how the sexual revolution has degraded women and objectified them as sexual objects.

GARLICK, STEVE. "A New Sexual Revolution? Critical Theory, Pornography, And The Internet."// Canadian Review Of Sociology // 48.3 (2011): 221-239. // Academic Search Premier //. Web. 4 Apr. 2012.

This journal article is a secondary source written by Steve Garlick, assistant Professor at the University of Victoria's Department of Sociology. In this article, Garlick emphasizes how sex is becoming mainstream in society because of the Internet and reflects on if the digital age can fit into Herbert Marcuse's theory of sexual revolution. This source is being used for my project because it talks about how media has let people access sex and how sex has become more present in our society today due to technological advances.

George, Robert P, and Melissa Moschella. “Does Sex Ed Undermine Parental Rights?” //New York Times// 18 Oct. 2011: n. pag. //Access U.S. Newswires//. Web. 22 Apr. 2012.

This newspaper article is a primary source by Robert P. George, McCormick Professor of Jurisprudence at Princeton University, and Melissa Moschella, a student from Harvard. This article addresses the controversy of sexual education in public schools taking away parent's rights to guide educate their kids. I used this in my project because it was relevant to my argument in Memo 5.

Greenwood, Jeremy, and Nezih Guner. "Social Change: The Sexual Revolution." // International Economic Review // 51.4 (2010): 893-923. // Business Source Premier //. Web. 4 Apr. 2012.

This journal article is a secondary source written by Jeremy Greenwood and Nezih Guner, Greenwood is a Professor of Economics of the University of Pennsylvania and Guner is a Research Professor of the Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona. This article studies the sexual revolution by using an equation and surveys to show the growth of sexual activity. I used this article in my project to show statistics on the increase in sexual behaviors throughout the years.

Habib, Conner. “Investigating Porn.” Editorial. //The Advocate//. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2012.

This web article is a secondary source by Conner Habib, a porn star and writer. It expresses how porn has become increasingly out in the open because of how many people take part in it and that sex should be taught as a good, natural thing but it should be contained behind closed doors. I used this in my paragraph because it supports my idea that sex should be put back into the public sphere.

Kercheval, Nancy. “Teen Exposure to Sex in Media Leads to Intercourse, study says.” Editorial. Bloomberg. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2012.

This web article is a secondary source by Nancy Kecheval a reporter at Bloomberg News educated at the University of Maryland. This expresses how studies have shown that the media has decreased the age when kids first have sexual intercourse. I used this in my project because it gave me and interesting quote to open my first paragraph and showed the effect media has on adolescence.

Lasn, Kalle. Culture Jam. N.p.: William Morrow Paperbacks, n.d. Print.

This book is a primary source by Kalle Lasn an author and co- founder of //Adbusters//. This book talks about how advertising has made American a brand not a country. I used this in my project because it gave me another opinion about advertising in the US.

McAnulty, Richard D. “The Sexual Revolution.” //The Seventies in America//. N.p.: John C. Super, n.d. N. pag. //Salem History//. Web. 18 Apr. 2012.

This book is a secondary source by Richard D. McAnulty, Professor of Psychology at the University of North Carolina Charlotte. This book addresses different revolutions and movements throughout the seventies I used this source because it had a whole chapter on the sexual revolution in the seventies and its impact on society then and today.

“Parental Control Software Review.” //Parental Control Software Top 5//. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Apr. 2012.

This web article is a primary source by the Parental Control Software Top 5. This article discusses their mission of keeping children safe online and shows the top 5 products of doing so. This is in my project because their mission statement was relevant to my argument in Memo 6.

Pinto, Mary Beth, and John D. Crane. “Sex and Advertising.” //Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Social Issues//. By Michael Shally Jensen. 284-290. ABC-Clio, n.d. Web. 18 Apr. 2012.

This book is a secondary source by Mary Beth Pinto, Professor of Marketing at Penn State and John D Crane, executive Director at Legal Entrepreneurs Alliance. This article talks about how sex is a common theme in advertising today and the tactics that advertisers use and how it impacts consumers. This is in my project because it was a source that addressed the theme of sex in advertising and how it affects society.

Schwabach, Aaron. "First Amendment and online censorship." // Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society //.ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.

This web article is a secondary source by Aaron Schwabach a Professor of Law at the University of California. This article expresses how the First Amendment is being challenged and changed because of today's advanced technological society. I used this in my project because it is against my position in Memo 7.

Smolak, Linda et al. "'Putting On' Sexiness: A Content Analysis Of The Presence Of Sexualizing Characteristics In Girls' Clothing." // Sex Roles // 65.1/2 (2011): 1-12. // Academic Search Premier //. Web. 10 Apr. 2012.

This journal article is a secondary source by Linda Smolak of Kenyon College. In this article, Smolak analyzes popular tween stores on different criteria of sexual of childlike characteristics of clothing. This article is in my project because it relates to how women's clothing, in particular, has become sexualized over the years.

Turner, Jeffrey S. "Sex Education in Schools: Outlook." // Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society //. ABC-CLIO,2012. Web. 22 Apr. 2012.

This web article is a secondary source by Jeffrey S. Turner a Professor of Behavioral Sciences at Mitchell College. This article goes into depth about different sexual education programs in schools and the public's reaction to them. This is cited in my article because it is relevant to my 5th argument.