Libyan+Terrorist+Bombing,+Pan+Am+103,+Lockerbie,+Scotland--8th

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1980's Topics 8th Period  Libyan Terrorist Bombing, Pan Am 103, Lockerbie, Scotland Stacy Gibson INSERT MULTIMEDIA OF YOUR TOPIC--BOTH ASSOCIATION AND INDIVIDUAL Imbed Photos (click FILE), Video (click Widget); Make a Glog (Instructions for Glog); media type="custom" key="12903236"
 * //Lockerbie//. //You Tube//. N.p., 16 July 2007. Web. 25 Mar. 2012.

[|http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=0GSG420siI8#!]. ||

Remains of Pan Am 103 in Lockerbiee, Scotland
 * [[image:http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/assets/mediaserver/WorldHistoryModern/3714%5C371429w.jpg width="474" height="338" caption="Wreckage of Pan Am Flight 103 in Lockerbie, Scotland"]]

Cleaver, Martin. //BRITAIN LOCKERBIE//. 21 Dec. 1988. //AP Images//. Associated Press, 4 Apr. 1999. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. . || [AP/Wide World Photos] //Britain Lockerbie//. 16 Nov. 2006. //AP Images//. Associated Press, 20 Aug. 2011. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. [].

Abdel Baset al-Megrahi waves to onlookers as he arrives at the airport in Tripoli, Libya on August 20, 2009. Al-Megrahi was released from his life sentence in prison when doctors determined that he had terminal prostate cancer and estimated he had only three months to live. || []. || Cleaver, Martin. //LOCKERBIE CRASH//. 21 Dec. 1988. //AP Images//. Associated Press, 30 July 1996. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. . ||
 * [[image:AP090311023858.jpg]]Cantor, David A. //Protests US 1989 New York Pan Am Flight 103//. N.d. //AP Images//. Associated Press, 11 Mar. 2009. Web. 25 Mar. 2012.

Task One--DESCRIBE YOUR TOPIC ---Due Monday, March 12th Each topic includes an association (movement) and an individual. **PROMPT: Explain the achievements associated with both parts of your topic. Who and what were altered? Describe why both were significant in the 1980s. Explain the relationship between the individual and the association or movement.** Please write **__two__extended** power paragraphs to address the above question. **Each paragraph** should meet the following expectations:

On December 21, 1988, the U.S. passenger jet, Pan Am 103traveling from London’s Heathrow Airport to New York, was downed by terrorist actions over Lockerbie, Scotland. No one on the plane survived and the crash of the plane into Lockerbie took additional lives. Donna E. Arzt, And Bruce J. Evensen, authors from Gale Virtual Reference Library, put the number of deaths at “259 passengers and crew and 11 residents.” (Arzt) The plane landed in a small residential area of Lockerbie and the crash destroyed many homes, including the lives of 11 residents, and sent debris flying; the impact also left behind a 40 foot creator and an obliterated aircraft. Relatives of the victims were upset with U.S. authorities for neglecting to pay attention to a tip that mentioned “that terrorist had planned an attack on a U.S. plane originating from Frankfurt, [Germany]” (Lockerbie Bombing). Apparently, an unaccompanied suitcase was transferred or smuggled from another flight onto the Pan Am Flight in Frankfurt, Germany that contained plastic explosives hidden in a Toshiba radio cassette player. According to Keith B. Murphy on ABC-CLIO, Abu Nidal, a radical Palesinian and founder of the Fatah Revolutionary Council, “provided the explosives that brought down Pan Am Flight 103 en route to New York City over Lockerbie Scotland” (Murphy). Nidal however, may have provided the explosives for this act of terrorism, but the act itself was suspected to have been completed by Abdel Baset Ali al-Megrahi and Lamen Khalifa Fhimah.

The bombing of Pan Am 103 is determined to be backed by a desire to take revenge on the U.S. for the U.S. bombing of Libya in 1986. This bombing personally affected Libya's leader Moammar Qadhafi, and when the leader of a country is affected, so is all of the countries citizens. Abdel Baset Ali al-Megrahi and Lamen Khalifa Fhimah, two Lybians, were deemed by the U.S. and Scottish to have the “ostensible motive. . . [of] revenge for the U.S. bombing of Libya in 1986, during which the adopted daughter of Moammar Qadhafi, Libya's leader, was killed.” (Arzt) The U.S. had killed the daughter of a man the country of Libya looked up to which caused anger to arise in citizens like Abdel Baset Ali al-Megrahi and Lamen Khalifa Fhimah. When the time came to try the two suspects of the Pan Am. Bombing, “The UN Security Counsil took the unusual step of ordering Libya to surrender the suspects; it was the first time the international body had ever ordered one nation to hand over citizens to another Nation” (Lockerbie Bombing). The UN order for Libya to hand over al- Megrahi and Fhimah was originally denied; the U.S. then put embargo’s on the countries air travel, arm trade, and oil equipment persuading Libya to and over the two suspects in exchange for the removal of the embargo. Libya obeyed and Abdel Baset Ali al-Megrahi and Lamen Khalifa Fhimah were tried in a Scottish court in front of three Scottish Judges and “in January 2001, Libyan Abdelbaset Ali Mohomad al Megrah was convicted of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. He was Jailed for life. . . [but] his co accused, Al Amin Khalifa Fhimah, was found not guilty and returned to Libya” (Lockerbie Bombing). Some relatives of the victims after the trial were still uneasy because they felt that the outcome of the trial never fully answered who had officially ordered the attack. In recent years, on August 20, 2009, “Abdel Baset al-Megrahi was released from his life sentence in prison when doctors determined that he had terminal prostate cancer and estimated he had only three months to live” ( "Abdel Baset al-Megrahi). He was released with the thought in mind that his death was near and that soon after his release, he would die.

**Task One Rubric **
 * Support the main idea in each paragraph with evidence from a minimum of  3  credible sources,
 * Select only signed sources from the LC databases--each source must have a credible author.
 * Establish the credibility of the author the first time a source is referenced.
 * Credit sources with internal citations and in a Works Cited.
 * Insert the Works Cited listing the three sources after the Third Task.
 * Post the paragraphs to the wiki March 12th. Timely posts of complete assign = 10 points. Task One = 50 points

__Task Two--EVALUATE YOUR TOPICS INFLUENCE--Due March 15th__ Please write two extended power paragraphs which each cite a minimum of 3 sources: two new ones and any of the three sources used in Task One. ** PROMPT: Discuss the scope of influence of your topic on the 1980s. How extensive was the influence? Which part of society was influenced? Did the change endure or stimulate additional changes? What is the topic's legacy? What impact did the topic have in the Twenty-First Century. ** Please write two extended power paragraphs to address this prompt.

At 7:02 PM, when Pan Am 103 was lost on the radar, people knew something had happened. Pan Am 103 exploded over the town at Lockerbie in South Scotland, just across the England-Scotland boarder, and the plane’s wings, full of fuel, fell and landed on multiple homes in Lockerbie, causing a second explosion to occur. David Barratt, an author whose work is published on Salem History database, writes that “the majority of the victims were American; thirty-five of them were students from Syracuse University in New York. . . and the falling wings of the plane [killed] eleven [additional] people as the aviation fuel went up in a huge fireball” (Barratt 1). Losses included people from both America and Scotland, and through memorial services held in both America and Scotland, strong friendships were created. A second Article written by David Barratt, published as a completely different article then the first one cited yet also from the database, Salem History, included that “a memorial service. . . was held. . . and [the crowed of people attending consisted of] British Prime minister Nargaret Thatcher, the U.S. ambassador, some two hundred relatives of the dead, Pan Am staff, and others from town” (Barrett 2). This act of terrorism, suspected to be revenge from a previous incident between America and Libya, affected a large number of people, most of which came out to mourn the death of these 270 innocent people. Following the initial instinct to mourn the losses, families and relatives of the dead turned their emotions to anger at the government because as Donna E. Arzt and Bruce J Evenson, whose work was originally published in the //Dictionary of American History// before being published on Gale Power search database, writes “relatives of the dead blames U.S. authorities for failing to make public a warning of a terrorist attack on a flight originating in Frankfurt, Germany” (Arzt), which is where the suitcase was suspected to have boarded the plane. This statement shows that apparently the government received some tip about the event, but failed to act on it, ending up with a tragedy that had the potential to be stopped.

Changes that came as a result of the Pan Am 103 bombing included changes to Airport security and how Americans view people from the Middle East. As more information about the bombing surfaced, gradual changes were made and new rules were set to ensure that an event like this would not happen again. Since the bomb was snuck into the plane without notice from Airport Security, people became concerned about how secure the airport really was; following a presidential commission, the “aviation security system [was found] to be badly flawed. . . [and failed to] implement the rules that were in place” (Barrett 2). These rules being broken or simply not enforced may have included failing to properly search luggage before allowing it to reach the plane and a lack of car of who enters and leaves the plane. Next, a reaction found to be immediate was the suspicion of “Middle Eastern groups. . . especially a fraction of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine led by Ahmed Jabril. . . [and] Abu Nidel organization, based in Libya” (Barrett 1). The immediate assumption of the people of the Middle East as being terrorists involved in the bombing of Pan Am 103 shows how people of the 20th and the 21st century portray the people of the Middle East as terrorist. Overall the legacy of the bombing of Pan Am 103, seems to be the relationship created between Scotland and America, and also that “the bombing, which scattered flaming wreckage onto the small town of Lockerbie. . . [and] became one of the most vivid scenes of terrorism of that era. . . helped [to] ensure that Libya remained an international pariah state” (Hubbard). Libya had suffered a bit of humiliation when their leaders’ daughter was killed by the U.S., so in order to move forward from this, Libya needed a way to show their power, which in this case was terrorism.

**Task Two Rubric**
 * Support the main idea in each paragraph with evidence from the 2 new sources, as well as one of the credible sources used in Task One. Each paragraph must cite 3 different sources--2 new, 1 old.
 * Select only signed sources from the LC databases--each source must have a credible author.
 * Establish the credibility of the author the first time a source is referenced. If you credited the source in Task One, you do not need to reestablish credibility, only an internal citation is required.
 * Credit sources with internal citations and in a Works Cited
 * Insert the two news sources in the Works Cited. Make sure all 5 sources are in alphabetical order.
 * Post the paragraphs to the wiki. Timely posting of completed tasks earn 10 points. Task One = 50 points.

<span style="background-color: #00ffff; color: #9008b6; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">Task Three--JUDGE THE IMPACT OF THE INDIVIDUAL & ASSOCIATIO --Due Mar. 19th Now that you have a basic understanding of your topic and know the scope of its influence, explain the forces that produced or created the topic. Additionally, identify the driving forces behind the society's reaction to your topic? Use the criteria described in the the **Great Man Continuum** to determine your topics long-run influence on society. Place your topic on the continuum and justify the reasons for your placement. Please confine your analysis to two extended power paragraphs with each one citing a minimum of 3 credible sources. <span style="background-color: #ffff00; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: medium; text-align: left;">Encyclopedic sources are not acceptable for this task. **PROMPT: Explain the forces that produced or created your topic. Use the four criteria of the Great Man Continuum to analyze the topic's long-run significance in American society. Specifically, (1) describe the significance of the accomplishment, (2) the endurance of the legacy, (3) extent of the topics influence, and** **(4) impact on daily life of people then and now.** The bombing of Pan Am flight 103 set off a chain of reactions by people all over the United States, Lockerbie, and Libya. The primary reactions of mourning and sadness upon hearing the news, changed into the desire for justice and the ending of terrorism as more and more information surfaced. Ben Hubbard from Access World News writes that “after al-Megrahi’s conviction brought some semblance of closure to the case, his release stirred up intense emotions once again for the victims” (Hubbard). Abdel Baset al-Megrahi was released after eight years behind bars due to prostate cancer; it is said that since he was ‘scheduled’ to die anyways, he should be granted some comfort by his family before the end. This caused many Lockerbie citizens to be upset because they were not happy about how al-Megrahi was treated like a hero upon his return to Libya. The strong reactions of these people also came from the issue of compensation where Ray Takeyh, from Columbia International Affairs online, states that “Libyans are offering $3.5 billion while the families are pressing for $6 billion” (Takeyh). Families directly affected by the bombing demanded at a delegation led by Qadhafi’s son, that Libya pay the compensation they request, and in the end, it was decided that Libya must do so to complete on step in the resolution of the conflict. Once the compensation issue was determined, the U.S. turned its focus to the issue of terrorism in Libya where, as Chester A. Crocker and C. Richard Nelson from Columbia International Affairs online writes, “can not go forward until an understanding is reached on a Libyan statement of responsibility for the bombing” (Crocker). Libya will be known as a terrorist state until the demands set forth by the UN security Council—acknowledging responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing, paying compensation, removing any terrorist groups that remain in Libya, and to disclose all knowledge of the event—are completed. On the Great Man continuum, the bombing of Pan Am flight 103 by convicted al-Megrahi best fits into the category of Event-Making Hero; this act of terrorism caused airports to view their security with greater scrutiny and to take action against Libya’s terrorists, leading to changes in people’s lifestyles and an influence that reached overseas to the United States. Negotiations held between the UN and Libya, and friendships made, between the U.S. and Lockerbie, Scotland, after the Pan Am 103 bombing allowed for resolutions to be made which for the most part positively impacted the lives of many even after such a negative event. Overall the final Lockerbie verdict “concluded a dark chapter in the annals of international terrorism and. . . [the] U.S. and European corporation managed not only to compel Qadhafi to turn over the suspects, but also to abandon terrorism as a means of advancing his interests” (Takeya). Terrorism in Libya has been decreased to almost nothing as a result of Pan Am 103, and the U.S. was able to complete something that had never been done before, the transfer of suspects of one nation to another, showing the power the U.S. has on affairs. The legacy of the event includes the improvement of airport security and the advancement of trade relations with Libya as “the removal of sanctions. . . helped secure another important U.S. objective—energy security. . . [as the U.S reopened trade with Libya] increase the diversity of U.S. oil supply, mitigate dependence on Gulf oil and permit healthy competition with foreign oil companies” (Crocker). With Libya in the spotlight, the U.S. took this as a time to improve trade ultimately helping the people of the United States who purchase the oil. Initially, the attack was seen as “one of the most vivid forms of terrorism of that era, and helped ensure that Libya remained an international pariah state” (Hubbard), but after all was said and done, legacies emerged and countries grew closer and more secure. The bombing of Pan Am flight 103, can be considered an Event-Making hero because the terrorist group that led the attack, led by al-Megrahi, created a new path allowing change to occur; a tragedy, with the loss of 270 lives, provided the path for better security and better relations among countries showing that when nations stick together, positive changes can be a result of a negative event.


 * Great Man Criteria || ** 5=long-run ** || ** 4=wide-spread ** || ** 3=moderate ** || ** 2=short run ** || ** 1=little effect ** || ** 0=not at all ** ||
 * ** SIGNIFICANCE OF ACCOMPLISHMENT ** ||  ||   || **X** ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ** ENDURANCE OF LEGACY ** ||  || **X** ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ** EXTENT OF INFLUENCE ** ||  || **X** ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ** IMPACT ON DAILY LIFE ** ||  ||   || **X** ||   ||   ||   ||

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: georgia,serif; font-size: 21px; text-align: center;">Great Man Continuum

<span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Great --Event Making **X**--Eventful --Social

<span style="background-color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Men -Hero ---Hero ---Determinism


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14px;">Task Three Rubric **
 * Support the main idea in each paragraph with evidence from the 2 new expert opinion sources, as well as one of the credible sources used in Tasks One or Two. Each paragraph must cite 3 different sources--2 new, 1 old.
 * Select only signed sources from the LC databases--each source must have a credible author.
 * Establish the credibility of the author the first time a source is referenced.
 * Credit sources with internal citations and in a Works Cited
 * ** Complete Great Man Continuum and Table and justify your placement using the evidence of the 4 criteria **
 * Insert the two news sources in the Works Cited. Make sure all 7 sources are in alphabetical order.
 * Post the paragraphs to the wiki. Timely posting of completed tasks earn 10 points. Task One = 50 points.

__**Works Cited:**__ "Abdel Baset al-Megrahi." Image. AP/Wide World Photos. //Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society//. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. Arzt, Donna E., and Bruce J. Evensen. "Pan Am Flight 103." //Dictionary of American History//. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 6. New York:

(Barrett 1)- Barratt, David. “Pan Am Flight 103 bombing. “//The Eighties in America//. Ed. Miltion Berman. 3 vols. Salem Press, 2008. //Salem History// Web. Mar. 2012.

(Barrett 2)- Barrett, David. “Pan Am Flight 103 Explodes over Lockerbie.” Great Events from History: The Twentieth Century, 1971-2000. Ed. Robert F. Gorman. ^ vols. Salem Press, 2008. Salem History Wed. 13 Mar. 2012. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 233-234. //Gale Virtual Reference Library//. Web. 10 Mar. 2012.

Crocker, Chester A, and C. Richard Nelson. "U.S.- Libyan Relations: Toward Cautios Reengagement." //Columbia International Affairs Online//. N.p., Apr. 2003. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. [].

Hubbard, Ben. "Libyan Lockerbie Bomber near Death, Family Says." //Access World// //News//. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. [].

“Lockerbie bombing.” //World History//. //The Modern Era.// ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 6 Mar. 2012.

Murphy, B. Keith. “Abu Nidal. //World at war. Understanding conflict and Society.// ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 6 Mar. 2012.

Takeyh, Ray. "Post- Lockerbie Judgment, What Next for U.S.-Libya Relations?" //Columbia International Affairs Online//. N.p., 15 Mar. 2002. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. [].

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 18px;">**Holistic Rubric for all 3 Tasks**

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 18px;">**A quality topic post for the 1980s assignment will** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">** Need Help Applying the Great Man Theory? ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">When deciding where a person may fit on the continuum, think about what society was like at the time he/she was famous. Did the person change history because of their personal characteristics, or would history have gone on in a similar way without this person? Civil Society Defined Great Man Continuum
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;">Arrange Media to enhance and extend the significance of the topic to the 1980s decade.
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;">Support the main idea in each paragraph with evidence from 3 different sources.
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;">Select only signed sources from the LC databases.
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;">Establish the credibility of the author the first time a source is referenced.
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;">Credit sources with internal citations, ( Author's Last Name).
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;">List all 7 sources alphabetically in the Works Cited. Format in MLA style.
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;">Complete Great Man Continuum and Table.
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;">Justify the placement of your topic on the continuum using the evidence from the 7 sources to support your analysis of the 4 criteria.
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;">Answer the prompts for all 3 tasks and the research question thoughtfully and thoroughly. <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;">Well Done.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Refer to these handouts for additional information: **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">** eed Help Using the Great Man Criteria Table? ** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;">**Use a scale of 0-to 5 to evaluate the individual’s accomplishments, legacy, influence, and impact.** <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">** 0=not at all, 1=little effect, 2=short run, 3=moderate, 4=wide-spread, 5=long run **

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 16px;">Individuals with high totals, mostly 5’s, should be placed close to Great Men; those with low scores near social determinism.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 18px;">Need Help placing individuals on the Great Man Continuum? **