Haiti,+1910s-1920s

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Haiti-1915-1934: Operation Restore Democracy Annie Trexler + Zach Owens photos acquired from maps101.com and worldatwar.abc-clio.com (links to each photo can be found by clicking on them)
 * [[image:686_072503haiti.gif width="400" height="393" caption="The Island of Hispaniola (Maps101)" link="http://www.maps101.com/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&id=289%3Ahaiti%27s-grinding-poverty&cid=2%3Ageography-in-the-news"]] || [[image:030104haiti.gif width="279" height="190" caption="Battle Strategy in Port-au-Prince (Maps101)" link="http://www.maps101.com/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&id=6791%3Aaristide-flees%3B-u.s.-marines-land-in-haiti.&cid=184%3Amaps-in-the-news-archives"]] ||
 * [[image:USAH046-H.gif width="540" height="488" caption="The Beligerents (America and Haiti) (Maps101)" link="http://www.maps101.com/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&id=2899%3Ainvolvement-in-central-america-and-the-caribbean-1978-1992&cid=83%3Ahistory"]] || [[image:http://worldatwar.abc-clio.com/assets/mediaserver/USatWar/1033/1033883w.jpg caption="U.S. marines search for bandits in Haiti, ca. 1919 (Key Event) (ABC-CLIO)" link="http://worldatwar.abc-clio.com/assets/mediaserver/USatWar/1033/1033883w.jpg"]] ||

Tasks I: Explain the nature and scope of the conflict.-- Due Friday, November 18th -to keep the Europeans, especially the Germans out, and to create stability -210 major bridges constructed -9 major airfields constructed -1,250 miles of telephone lines built -82 miles of irrigation canals constructed -11 modern hospitals constructed -147 rural clinics -and more! -all of the following were built by the occupiers at little cost to the U.S. tax payers because the Agency for the International Development had not yet been created and the administrators of Hispaniola -July 28, 1915 - August 1, 1934 -Cacos (Haiti) -United States -The U.S. military came to Haiti in 1915 and ruled them from a military government. The U.S. helped them out by making many improvements which included roads, bridges, disease control, schools, etc. The resentment started to grow on Haitian civilians and they started protesting. This led to having many of the U.S. soldiers killing many of them. -The United States military had been planning for this for many years and they did not want to let anything get in their way. Haiti had some violent history and the U.S. wanted to be prepared. -President Woodrow Wilson ordered the marines to Haiti to quell civil unrest and establish control over customshouses and port authorities -political turmoil -failed state, just cause -dollar diplomacy -Taff administration -U.S-Haitian Treaty of 1915 --the treaty gave the The treaty gave the U.S.the right to supervise government finances, control customs collection, create an American-offered constabulary, and intervene militarily to enforce other treaty provisions --the treaty would last for 10 years with the option of renewing it for another 10 if either party so desired --Major Smedley Butler, "Old Gimlet Eye," was said to have been hired to go to the National Palace to get Dartiguenave's signature --"I confess that this method of negotiation, with our Marines policing the Haytian capita; is high-handed," wrote Secretary of State Lansing to President Wilson. "It does not met my sense of a nation's sovereign rights and is more or less an exercise of force and an invasion of Haytian independence. From a proctorial standpoint, however, I cannot but feel that it is the only thing to do if we intended to cure the anarchy and disorder which prevails in that republic." --causes for just war^
 * What was the goal of the operation?**
 * What was accomplished during the Americans occupation?**
 * -**1,000 miles of roads constructed
 * •When** did the conflict begin and end?
 * •Who** were the belligerents?
 * •What** was the problem or issue?
 * •Why** was military action necessary?
 * •Why** was the United States’ interested in the conflict?
 * •How** was the problem resolved?

TASK ONE ROUGH DRAFT: At 4:50pm on July 28th, 1915 340 sailors and marines from the U.S. armored cruiser //Washington// landed two miles west of Port-au-Prince and marched into town. From a ways back the capital city of Haiti looked “beautiful and romantic” but when they got closer, the “fairyland had turned into a pigsty” (Boot 156). American troops had been dispatched to Haiti because of the political turmoil there. According to praised historical author, Max Boot (won best book of 2002 award), Haiti was a very unstable government; between the years of 1843 and 1915 only one out of 22 presidents had managed to serve one full term in office (Boot 157).

A major reason why the U.S was interested in Haiti was because of the possible financial benefits (Haynes A Study in Failure). When the Panama Canal was constructed the State and Naval departments were worried that some European power would establish a naval base in Haiti that would threaten the U.S. dominance over the Caribbean. Under the Taft Administration the U.S tried to use “dollar diplomacy” to stabilize Franco-German interest in Haiti. With this, Wall Street Banks acquired a 50 percent stake in the Banque Nationale de la Republique d’Haiti. However the U.S.ended up spending $4 million dollars investing in Haiti which was more than they received. This money went to fund many public works; 1,000 miles of roads, 210 major bridges, 9 major airfields, 1,250 miles of irrigation, 147 rural clinics, 11 modern hospitals, and more (Boot 180).

The people who kept the U.S from stabilizing Haiti were the “Cacos” (ABC-CLIO. National Achieves). They were recruited by the “Mulatto's” (a group of people who were a mixed African and European race) to overthrow the current governor so that they could put one of their own into power.

To secure the U.S.presence in Haiti, Washington came up with the “U.S.-Haitian Treaty of 1915.” The treaty gave the U.S. the right to supervise government finances, control customs collection, create an American-offered **constabulary**, and intervene militarily to enforce other treaty provisions (Boot 161). The treaty was to last 10 years and with much persuasion, Major Smedley Butler, “Old Gimlet Eye,” was able to get Senate president Philippe Sudre Dartiguenave, a mulatto, to cooperate with the U.S. and sign it. Between this time and August 1st, 1934 the Cacos tried to start a war with the U.S. marines twice, but the treaty still managed to stay in effect.

Works Cited (MLA): "U.S. marines search for bandits in Haiti, ca. 1919." Image. National Archives. World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society //. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 17 Nov. 2011.//

Haynes, Ulric S., Jr. //United States Foreign Policy in Haiti: A Study in Failure//. Spec. issue of //Ambassadors Review// (Fall 2000): n. pag. //Ciao//. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. .

//Boot,Max. "Lords of Hispaniola." The Savage Wars of Peace. New York: Basic// //Books, A Member of the Pereus Books Group, in 2003. n.pag.Print//

Pike, John. "Occupation of Haiti (1915-34)." //GlobalSecurity.org//. N.p., 5 May 2011. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. .

Mont-Reynaud, Marie-Josée. "The Failure of the American Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934." //HaitiForever.com//. N.p., Mar. 2002. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. .

troublesome words: -**constabulary**
 * -**//an offer of peace, having minor judicial functions, usually in a small town, rural district, etc// __(dictionary.com)__

//Task II: Analyze the U.S.’s involvement in the conflict.- Due Tuesday, November 22nd // //•//In which one of Max Boot's categories, does this small war fit--punitive, protective, pacification, or profiteering? Justify the reasons that you selected one category over another. -Punitive: to punish attacks on American citizens or property -Protective: to safeguard American citizens or property -*Pacification: to occupy foreign territory* -Profiteering: to grab trade or territorial concessions •Who were the most important decision-makers or leaders for belligerents and justify your choices with expert opinion? How did these leaders influence the progress and outcome of the war? •Who was the U.S. president and what were his reasons for involving the military in this conflict? Woodrow Wilson was president during tins time because representatives from the United States unleashed veto power over all governmental decisions in Haiti. •Was there precedent for the U.S. to participate in small wars of this nature? Banana Wars (xvi, preface) •Which presidential doctrine best fits the aim or goals of this small war? -Roosevelt Doctrine

//Draw your information from a minimum of **three** LC e-books and databases--at least one primary source and one expert opinion. Organize your response in one or two extended power paragraphs. In an appositive phrase, establish the credibility of the source the first time you reference it. Internally cite sources and place the works cited at below the last paragraph for Task II.//

TASK TWO ROUGH DRAFT:

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The U.S occupation of Haiti in 1915-1934 was a war of pacification and profiteering. As award winning author Max Book describes it, pacification is when you are occupying foreign territory. On the other hand, a profiteering war is when a county goes into foreign territory to grab trade or territorial concessions (Boot xvi). President Woodrow Wilson put the U.S. Marines in Haiti because it was a failed state and they wanted to secure their ability to trade among others on the Panama Canal. While in Haiti, Marines installed a **"puppet president"** (Scott International Socialist Review) and took out the legislature at gunpoint. They denied Haitians freedom of speech, and forced a new constitution on the Caribbean nation- one more favorable to foreign investment. With this, U.S. officials seized customs, and took control of Haitian finances (Helen Haiti under Siege). During all of this, Marines waged war against **insurgents**, Cacos, who imposed a brutal system of forced labor as their ideal government. To make sure that no other European power tried to take over the Panama Canal the U.S. used "dollar diplomacy" as an attempt to stay neutral in their foreign occupancy." This idea came from the Roosevelt Doctrine which was based off of the ideas in the Monroe Doctrine (Hodge U.S. Presidents Foreign Policy). The U.S. announced that, in order to forestall European intervention, it would police the Caribbean itself. This was strategic because they secured the Panama Canal (//commerce//) and created American-owned railroads, hospitals, airways, and other businesses (economic benefit). They did this by promoting the business interests of the Haitians and made a Franco-German partnership that wanted to grab control of the "Banque Nationale de la Republique d'Haiti, and helped Wall Street Banks obtain a 50 percent stake in the national bank (Boot 159). =====

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The U.S. occupation of Haiti was sadly a failure. Rather. it upheld the way power changes hands by force, and reinforced "the tradition that power comes out of the hand holding a gun." A Haitian Creole proverb “//Konstitisyon se papye, bayonèt se fè//” (“A constitution is paper, a bayonet is steel”) speaks to this legacy of Haiti’s history. The ideology of the American Occupation that “might makes right” ultimately failed to set government right in Haiti (Mont-Reynaud, The Failure of the American Occupation of Haiti,1915-1934). When the U.S. Marines left in 1934 Haiti had 12 more presidents and none of them got the chance to serve a full term because they functioned in office as virtual dictators, protectors of the interests of the small commercial class, and/or front men for the military elite (Haynes A Study in Failure). They also employed more soldiers to ensure their investment in Haiti. All of this helped the U.S. with future decisions because they now had an idea of how to take control of a failed state and limit the casualties with less violence.=====

Boot,Max. "Lords of Hispaniola." The Savage Wars of Peace. New York: Basic Books, A Member of the Pereus Books Group, in 2003. n.pag.Print

Hodge, Carl C, and Cathal J Nolan, eds. U.S. Presidents Foreign Policy from 1789 to the Present. Santa Barbara, California: ABC CLIO, 2007. Print. U.S. Presidents Foreign Policy.

Haynes, Ulric S., Jr. //United States Foreign Policy in Haiti: A Study in Failure//. Spec. issue of //Ambassadors Review// (Fall 2000): n. pag. //Ciao//. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. .

"U.S. marines search for bandits in Haiti, ca. 1919." Image. National Archives. World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society //. ABC-CLIO, 2011. Web. 17 Nov. 2011.//

//Scott, Helen. "Haiti under Siege."// International Socialist Review//. 35th ed.// //International Socialist Review, 2003. Web. 29 Nov. 2011.// //.//

Mont-Reynaud, Marie-Josée. "The Failure of the American Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934." //HaitiForever.com//. N.p., Mar. 2002. Web. 1 Dec. 2011. .

troublesome words: -**insurgents** -// a person who rises in forcible opposition to lawful authority especially a person who engages in armed resistance to a government or to the execution of its laws; rebel. // __(dictionary.com)__ -"**puppet president**" -puppet government - a government that is appointed by and whose affairs are directed by an outside authority that may impose hardships on those governed (__thefreedictionary.com)__

//<span style="background-color: #ff002d; color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 17px;">TASK III: How did United States' Public view this conflict? <span style="background-color: #ff002d; color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px;">Due Tuesday, Noevmber 29th // //•Explain why the conflict was controversial among Americans?//

//•Describe at least two non-governmental perspectives on this conflict and identify which one was dominant.//

//•Evaluate the importance of the public's' opinion on the duration and outcome of this small war.//

Many Americans, and especially Haitian civilians were upset by the amount of people that were killed in Haiti. There were only 16 deaths of U.S. soldiers and over 2,250 Haitian civilian deaths. It did not make our country look good because first they come in uninvited and try to stablize their government by changing it, and the only good thing they did was spend millions of dollars on reconstruction on roads and buildings once the U.S. left. It really did not help them as much as the United States thought it would. According to Michaelle B. Soucy, many of the Haitian civialians were forced to work labor for a large number of hours and were away from their families. They also got no pay. If you were to ask a representative of the American Naval Force, they would tell you:

- "Haitians were free from impressment into the military and coercion by the Cacos.

- No protection or service was ever provided by the Haitian government prior to 1915.

- The people were no longer burdened by heavy taxes for which no account was kept.

- Inadequate hospital facilities and generally unsanitary conditions existed.

- Although compulsory education had been instituted since 1864; only 2% of the population could read or write" (Soucy, 4).

//Draw your information from a minimum of **three** LC e-books and databases--at least **one** primary source and **one** expert opinion. Organize your response in one or two extended power paragraphs. In an appositive phrase, establish the credibility of the source the first time you reference it. Internally cite sources and place the works cited at below the last paragraph for Task III.//

//"Urges Navy Base in Haiti."// New York Times //[New York] 22 Apr. 1920: 10.// ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851-2007)//. Web. 29// //Nov. 2011.//

//Farnham, R. L. "Haitian Railroad Gets N. Y. Reciever."// New York Times //[New York]// //23 June 1920: 26.// ProQuest Historical Newspapers//. Web. 29 Nov. 2011.//

[]

[] //<span style="background-color: #ff002d; color: #ffffff; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 17px;">Task IV: Did the U.S. achieve its goals? -- <span style="background-color: #ff002d; color: #ffff00; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 20px;">Due Friday, December 2nd // //•How did the conflict end and how was success measured?//

//•How did the outcome affect the U.S. standing with the American public, its allies, belligerents, and enemies?//

//•Were the U.S. decision makers and military leaders praised or vilified?// They were more vilified then praised because they did not necessarily help Haiti, they invaded and took over. That is not someone you would want to praise.

Draw your information from a minimum of **three** LC e-books and databases--at least **one** primary source and **two** expert opinions. Organize your response in one or two extended power paragraphs. In an appositive phrase, establish the credibility of the source the first time you reference it. Internally cite sources and place the works cited at below the last paragraph for Task III.//

<span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;">** Rubric for Small War Wiki: **•Answers to project questions are accurate and complete. •Information and expert opinion are selected from the **required** LC resources and are cited accurately with the credibility precisely stated. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;">·Maps, banners and photos are caption and cited. •Project questions are answered fully in extended power paragraphs.spelling •Writing is edited for spelling, punctuation and grammatical errors. *Works cited follow each task <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 20px; text-align: left;">Required LC e-books and Databases:

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">CIAO--Columbia International Affairs Online (Golden Rod Sheet) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">Global issues in Context (Golden Rod Sheet) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">World at War (Golden Rod Sheet) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">Maps 101 (Golden Rod Sheet) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">Americans at War (ebooks--Gold Sheet) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">Cold War Reference Library (ebooks--Gold Sheet) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity (ebooks--Gold Sheet) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">Encyclopedia of War and American Society (ebooks--Gold Sheet) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">Maps 101 (Goldenrod Sheet) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">APImages (Goldenrod Sheet)